What was the main highway of Ancient Egypt? The answer may surprise you. It was the Nile River!
Most of Ancient Egypt’s major cities were located along the Nile River. So, the Ancient Egyptians didn’t need to build roads or find other forms of transportation.
They became experts at building boats and traveling the river. The Ancient Egyptians used the Nile to ship all kinds of goods, even cattle.
They also traveled the Nile with stone for Ancient Egypt’s many building projects. Merchants could reach every corner of Egypt using the Nile, and they also sailed to ports in the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
Early Ancient Egyptian Boats
The earliest boats were made from bundles of papyrus reeds tied tightly together. Papyrus was the same material Ancient Egyptians used to make paper.
These early boats were moved using oars or poles. They were called skiffs.
The skiffs were used mostly to travel short distances, hunt, or fish. They were long, thin, and crescent-shaped.
Wooden Boats
By 3000 BC, the Ancient Egyptians were using boats made of wood. In addition to oars, these boats had square sails to help them move.
The wooden boats were made of acacia wood from Egypt or cedar from Lebanon. Wooden planks were held together with ropes instead of nails.
Ceremonial Purposes for Boats
Another use of boats in Ancient Egyptian was for ceremonial purposes. They were often used to move images of gods from one temple to another.
Boats also transported the mummified bodies of royals and other important nobles to their tombs at burial sites and holy places.
The Ancient Egyptians believed a boat was needed to travel to the afterlife. Many people were buried with small models of boats.
Important people, like pharaohs, were often buried with full-size boats. The famous tomb of Tutankhamen (“King Tut”), for example, contained 35 different types of boats.
What about traveling by land?
Travel by land was not as common as travel by water. Until the nineteenth century, travel by land was virtually unknown. Of course, the Ancient Egyptians did travel by land occasionally.
Still, Ancient Egypt had paths instead of major roads. People traveled these paths by walking, riding donkeys, or riding in wagons.
People carried smaller goods on their heads, but the donkeys and wagons carried heavier loads.
Camels were almost unknown in Egypt until after the pharaonic period (the years when pharaohs ruled).
The wheel was probably introduced to Ancient Egypt by invaders known as the Hyksos. It is believed that the Hyksos had horse-drawn chariots that they used in battle.
Later, pharaohs and nobles adopted chariots to use during hunting expeditions. However, this was not a method of transportation used by the common people of Ancient Egypt.
Other Interesting Facts About Ancient Egyptian Boats and Transportation
- The Ancient Egyptians believed the Sun traveled across the sky in a boat. The Sun’s boat was made from papyrus reeds.
- When boats traveled North through the Nile River, they were able to go with the current. When boats traveled South, the Ancient Egyptians usually had the wind blowing in their direction and could use a sail. Oars were used to gain additional speed in either direction.
- Man-made canals often connected temples and palaces to the Nile River.
- Pharaohs had especially fancy boats decorated with fancy carvings and gold.
- Ancient Egyptian warcraft had a high stern and boat. During the New Kingdom dynasty, they were also equipped with cabins at both ends.
- The Ancient Egyptians used chisels to cut boats from wood. Making a boat took a very long time.
- The world’s oldest boat was found in the pyramid of Khufu. It was found in 1200 unassembled pieces with written directions. Conservators were able to reconstruct the 144-foot boat, which is now housed in a museum.
More Ancient Egypt facts.